Sundry

(writing in progress)

Jaguarundi has the dullest yet most confusing colours of all cats

The jaguarundi1 is ostensibly among the plainest-coloured2 of all felids, but in a sense has the most complicated colouration of the 40 species in its family3. This is because this aberrant cat takes colour-polymorphism to extremes that are virtually impossible to summarise concisely in a zoological description such as that in a field-guide to Neotropical mammals. Not only are there several colour-morphs, but each morph has sub-morphs4, all possible in the same litter. Because the jaguarundi is found only as occasional individuals5 throughout its range, it follows that there must be few encounters in which this weasel-shaped felid is actually identified by either its prey or its own potential predators such as larger carnivores.

[for photos, see the many emails sent by Antoni to Anthony about 18 months before this time of writing, which is Feb. 2016 – AJM to scope emails]

Excess iron absorbed into living cell may as well be rusted in

Iron is an essential nutrient in all organisms, but is unique among required elements in that it cannot be efficiently excreted by any known organism. This has created a remarkable biological asymmetry in which there are various physiological mechanisms dedicated to the correction of deficiency in iron, but no known mechanism dedicated to the correction of excess of iron. Because iron is so reactive, any excess brings risks of oxidative stress6 and accelerated ageing. A possible reason for the inability or reluctance of any living cell to excrete iron is that the costs of quarantining this heavy metal on its way through excretory systems exceeds the costs of correcting any cellular damage inflicted on cells by their content of iron as long as this metal remains tethered to complex organic molecules7.

A ban on succulence in peas, mimosas and caesalps

Leguminous plants are extremely diverse worldwide, comprising three families8, x genera, y species, and many growth-forms from low herbaceous plants through lianas to tall trees. The form and texture of foliage is also extremely diverse, ranging from simple leaves to bipinnately compound leaves on the one hand and phyllodes9 on the other. However, leguminous plants are remarkably lacking in any succulent10 species, the closest being three heath-like relatives11 of rooibos tea12 in South Africa which have small but somewhat fleshy leaves.

[photos of Aspalathus capitata taken in Cape Point Reserve about 1999]

The paradoxical stink of a vital fatty acid

Butyric acid13, which gives butter14, parmesan cheese, kimchi, durian15 fruit and carob16 pod their characteristic aromas, is so valuable physiologically in small concentrations that functions like a human vitamin17. However, in greater concentrations its odour – familiar in vomit and Athlete’s foot18 – is repulsive enough to be used by many species as a deterrent or defence. Butyric acid is used by the wolverine in its anal glandular secretions, by caterpillars19 to deter predatory insects, by apiarists to control the honey bee20 during collection of honey, and by anti-abortion protesters as a stink-bomb. Furthermore, some of the butyric acid absorbed by the human body has ultimately been synthesised by clostridial bacteria, which are themselves ambivalent because they can cause botulism, gas gangrene and tetanus.

Growth-formula for the Dutch: lactose-digestion flipping from frugality to affluence

The Dutch, more than any other human population, have grown in body size22 over the last 150 years. Although the modern affluence in dairy products and the extreme incidence of lactose-tolerance in this country are well-known, these only explain the sudden transformation in body size if the original selective pressures are understood. Lactose-tolerance was originally associated not with peoples23 who consumed milk as a staple, but rather with those who relied on meagre but essential supplies of milk to survive the northern winter when all foods were so scarce that the growth of children was seasonally arrested and adult body size fell short of the genetic potential. By this logic there was an unprecedented release from these constraints when all foods became abundant, because the digestive system of the Dutch is able to exploit dairy products particularly efficiently.

Not until you see the blacks of their eyes

Most monkeys can read the direction of another’s gaze by watching the orientation of the whole face but not by watching the eyes themselves28 to discern sideways glances. The long-tailed macaque29 is one of the few wild30 mammals that resembles humans31 in being able to follow the eye movements of another by reading shifts in the sclera of the eyeball, which is more exposed on one side or the other of the iris when the eyeball swivels in its socket. However, this species32 of macaque has inverted the relationship between sclera and facial skin seen in humans: instead of having eye-whites, this monkey has eye-blacks owing to the combination of a black-pigmented sclera and extremely pale33 eyelids.

Baboons’ inhuman eyes save them from inhumane captivity

Pig-tailed macaques56, the closest counterparts for baboons in southeast Asia, are kept in private captivity57 more frequently than are baboons58 in Africa. This is partly because juveniles of pig-tailed macaques have eyes reminiscent of human eyes in expressiveness, whereas juveniles of baboons have eyes so inscrutable that they lack human appeal. The difference arises because pig-tailed macaques59 show their eye-whites in partial resemblance to humans, whereas baboons60 hide their eye-whites by means of a combination of tightness of the eyelids and shading by the brow-ridges61.

Largest mammalian predator over most of Australia fit for an island rather than a continent

The chuditch76, which was the largest indigenous mammalian predator over most of Australia at the time of European arrival, is remarkably small by intercontinental standards. This mainly insectivorous77 marsupial has a body mass78 slightly larger than that of the meerkat79, similar to those of the European polecat80, the Indian gray mongoose81 and the Central American cacomistle82, and smaller than those of the European pine marten83 and the common genet84. Furthermore, the chuditch has a surprisingly extensive home-range85 for such a small mammal, further suggesting an extremely limited availability of prey on this nutrient-poor, fire-prone continent.

Lizard tongue as baffle-organ

The conspicuous exposure of the blue tongue and pink gape by the shingleback lizard93, when confronted by the human species94, cannot be called a threat-display because the virtually toothless mouth is harmless and there is no plausible mimicry of any other animal. Nor can the peculiarly broad flanges of the tongue be explained by the unremarkable foodprocessing in this omnivorous large95 lizard. The adaptive value of the tongue96 – in combination with the camouflaged body armour and the resemblance between the resting head and the fatty tail – is to cause enough confusion to stall attack by a potential predator. Most of the tongue therefore deserves a new term: baffleorgan.

Fang-baring is bad manners in Japanese culture

The mature males of many species of Old World monkeys104, including most macaques105, fang-bare by yawning ostentatiously as opposed to merely from boredom or relaxation. Instead of being contagious, this exaggerated fang-baring yawn implicitly forbids emulation. An unexplained peculiarity of the Japanese macaque106 is that this species rarely if ever features the fang-baring yawn. This anomaly is particularly wellillustrated by comparison with the crested macaque107 of Sulawesi, because both species are restricted to islands at the far limits108 of the distribution of macaques.

MACACA FUSCATA of Japan:

MACACA NIGRA of Sulawesi:

The original lawn-gardeners in Kikuyuland

Kikuyu grass120, one of the most successful species of lawn grasses worldwide, originates in a surprisingly restricted habitat on the slopes of volcanic mountains in East Africa. The wild herbivores that mow121 its shoots and aerate its roots in its natural state are the giant forest hog122, the olive baboon123, and certain species of African root-rats124.

Good dental manners in urban macaques

Most species of Old World monkeys133 yawn assertively to display their weaponry of long, sharp canines. This fang-baring expression of mature males134 is directed both intraspecifically (to maintain a social hierarchy) and interspecifically (to deter potential predators). However, the rhesus macaque135 is a remarkable exception because it is one of the most widespread and populous species of monkeys in densely-populated136 southern and southeast Asia but has seldom been photographed yawning menacingly. Since this species is so closely associated with settlements137, it is possible that the ancestral fang-baring habit has been lost as part of a specieswide anthropogenic culture, effacing any expression which might antagonise humans on whose tolerance the rhesus macaque depends.

Japanese macaque as a lowbrow human

The Japanese macaque144 is a favourite photographic subject because its face seems almost human. In particular, the eyes are accentuated despite the fact that – as in the Caucasian race of the human species145 – the iris can be as pale as flesh-colour. However, the emphases differ: in the Japanese macaque it is the sclera146 immediately around the iris that is dark whereas in the Caucasian human it is the eyebrow that is dark. This difference is partly explained by body size and scaling principles. The human, having by far the larger face147, has the iris proportionately too small for direct accentuation, making a framing design more effective.

1 Puma yagouaroundi
2 lacking even the expected countershading
3 i.e. Felidae
4 For example, some individuals have a dorsal stripe; others (at least in the fawn morph, at least) have a pale chest; some individuals (at least in the darkest morph) have brown heads, paler than the dark brown body; etc.
5 i.e. population densities are everywhere small
6 i.e. damage by free radicals
7 e.g. ferritin and haemoglobin
8 Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae
9 petioles (leaf-stalks) expanded into a leaf-like surface in place of true leaves
10 in the sense of xerophytic
11 namely Aspalathus capitata, A. subtingens and A. pinguis
12 Aspalathus linearis
13 C3H7COOH and its precursors
14 The words ‘butyric’ and ‘butter’ have the same linguistic root.
15 Durio
16 Ceratonia siliqua
17 see bio-insight....
18 tinea pedis
19 i.e. in the osmeterial secretion of the larvae of papilionid butterflies in reaction to attack by ants
20 Apis mellifera
21 Molecular formula of butyric acid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid#/media/File:Butyric_acid_flat_structure.png
22 The average height (1.8 metres in 2015) of male adults in the Netherlands increased by 20 centimetres from 1865 to 2015.
23 e.g. Maasai, who are generally lactose-intolerant despite being the most specialised pastoralists on Earth
24 http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/10/29/1414546631846_wps_7_BMI_survey_jpg.jpg
25 http://www.businessinsider.com.au/body-measurements-of-average-american-man-2013-9?r=US&IR=T
26 http://www.businessinsider.com.au/body-measurements-of-average-american-man-2013-9?r=US&IR=T
27 http://www.randalolson.com/wp-content/uploads/historical-median-male-height.png
28 as is normal for Homo sapiens according to the ‘cooperative eye hypothesis
29 Macaca fascicularis
30 The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) has this ability, unlike wild members of the same family such as the wolf (Canis lupus).
31 Homo
32 Various other species of the same genus (Macaca) have unpigmented, whitish scleras similar to those in humans.
33 unlike several other members of the same genus (Macaca), which have dark facial skin
34 Macaca fascicularis: http://us.123rf.com/450wm/pzaxe/pzaxe1409/pzaxe140900063/31524646-monkey-feeds-her-cub-animals--mother-and-child-indonesia.jpg?ver=6
35 Macaca fascicularis: http://cache4.asset-cache.net/xt/508490625.jpg?v=1&g=fs1%7C0%7CIBF%7C90%7C625&s=1
36 Macaca fascicularis: http://us.123rf.com/450wm/f8grapher/f8grapher1402/f8grapher140200010/25953721-a-close-portrait-view-of-a-yellowish-golden-brown-to-gray-crab-eating-macaque-with-a-mustach-and-whi.jpg?ver=6
37 Macaca fascicularis: http://il8.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/12519524/thumb/1.jpg?i10c=img.resize(height:160)
38 Macaca fascicularis: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/356/flashcards/1260356/jpg/cynomolgous_macaque-13E95EE89F24C9F254E.jpg
39 Macaca fascicularis: http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/long-tailed-macaque-monkey-macaca-fascicularis-leanne-lei.jpg
40 Macaca fascicularis: http://cache3.asset-cache.net/gc/539659683-close-up-portrait-of-a-long-tailed-macaque-gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=nw3eX4QxwDnqRKlLmfw18cSKOtyk7k7WLYE5wF3lxi1J%2BKpKUOcWaSryNhy0IYHN
41 Macaca fascicularis: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/98/b5/1b/98b51b369c7ad1e13ac96171fef232ee.jpg
42 Macaca fascicularis: http://www.rgbstock.com/cache1wuFXo/users/t/te/teslacoils/300/oA6MINW.jpg
43 Macaca fascicularis: http://previews.123rf.com/images/f8grapher/f8grapher1402/f8grapher140200011/25953303-A-close-portrait-view-of-a-yellowish-golden-brown-to-gray-crab-eating-macaque-staring-away-Also-know-Stock-Photo.jpg
44 Macaca fascicularis: https://www.elmwildlifetours.co.nz/images/dmImage/StandardImage/WEBmacque.jpg
45 Macaca fascicularis: https://pearlsofprofundity.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/monkey-business-2-frightened-mo.jpg
46 Macaca fascicularis: http://blog.targethealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/43.jpg
47 Macaca fascicularis: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/48/ef/5b/48ef5b2e7c25017acbe1bbeeae778f0e.jpg
48 Macaca fascicularis: http://www.wildeyeview.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Long-Tailed-Macaque_0186-523x369.jpg
49 Macaca fascicularis: http://www.pumapix.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/IMG_91426.jpg
50 Macaca fascicularis: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rq_74639qKI/UjgrZNc9P7I/AAAAAAAAAXw/z4HV_x8rbR0/s1600/Long-tailed-Macaque.jpg
51 Macaca fascicularis: https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5224/5679500659_54407483b3_b.jpg
52 Macaca fascicularis: http://www.cmzoo.org/palmoilkit/Photo%20Library/Indonesia%20&%20Malaysia%20Wildlife/Long%20Tailed%20Macaque%20Adult-TG.jpg
53 Macaca fascicularis: http://cache1.asset-cache.net/gc/175800573-face-of-a-sad-looking-macaque-monkey-gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=VuwW%2BimYontLJSUWEvY0GbfALWFRsuscvRAr8qrf0kUsqDF%2B5IFgzKkZxDtDtE1Fw1wGOsHXzlZwiA6%2F9qsu5MuVFNZzWYbgPNK226NJZpE%3D
54 Macaca fascicularis: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/6e/c1/e2/6ec1e2c8f31e8d9c4e7d86233e523677.jpg
55 Macaca fascicularis: http://www.photomazza.com/IMG/427x578xjpg_Il_Macaca_fascicularis_e_una_scimmia_catarrina_c_Giuseppe_Mazza.jpg.pagespeed.ic.ThflVKlc7h.jpg
56 Macaca leonina and M. nemestrina
57 i.e. outside zoos and laboratories
58 Papio spp.
59 i.e. juveniles and adult females, with the human resemblance reduced in mature males
60 i.e. both sexes at all ages beyond infancy
61 together with dark pigmentation of the sclera in all species of baboons other than Papio hamadryas
62 Macaca leonina juvenile: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Northern_Pigtailed_macaque_at_Koh_Lanta_Yai_Monkey_School.JPG
63 Macaca leonina or M. nemestrina adult female: http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1153/1392202878_453b10daf3.jpg
64 Macaca leonina or M. nemestrina juvenile: http://oceans.wildiaries.com/system/pictures/0003/0029/Pig-tailed_Macaque_KR_290910_1.jpg
65 Macaca nemestrina juvenile: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/u/TvyamNb-BivtNwcoxtkc5xGBuGkIMh_nj4UJHQKuorjkbW9Rit2WGnGI6JAtBY9V2c5I5ODOKDydUQ/
66 Macaca nemestrina juvenile: http://ih1.redbubble.net/image.185584380.5153/flat,1000x1000,075,f.u1.jpg
67 Macaca nemestrina adult female: http://lh6.ggpht.com/7XmHb0cfvlCYDVp6CgNBhVZF1tSusqxqKOhtVhbpGE5KM0HUCApVjf15WJptG7wqIxM6_UFdylFCWKsPJSY=s580
68 Macaca leonina or M. nemestrina adult female.
69 Papio anubis juvenile: http://www.macleans.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Anup-Shah-baboon.png
70 Papio anubis? juvenile: http://senecaparkzoo.org/Content/upload/modules/galleries/31/148_36_large_baboon.jpg
71 Papio ursinus juvenile: http://s3.amazonaws.com/medias.photodeck.com/7b6f1d48-404d-4871-b949-c0d9c2aaaf87/Brett-Cole-South-Africa-00145_medium.jpg
72 Papio ursinus juvenile: http://www.photosbyangelika.com/wp-content/themes/photocrati-theme/galleries/post-131/Animal%20Picture%20close%20up%20young%20Baboon%20face%20Tokai%20Forest%20South%20Africa%20-%20IMG_8446.jpg
73 Papio ursinus? juvenile: http://usercontent1.hubimg.com/8271912_f520.jpg
74 Papio ursinus juvenile: http://www.ecotourism-namibia.com/typo3temp/pics/0eb2535dd4.jpg
75 Papio anubis juvenile: http://heathen-hub.com/HLAY_young_baboon_1000_IMGP1565.jpg
76 Dasyurus geoffroii
77 The diet consists mainly of invertebrates although including vertebrates and fruits.
78 The body mass of Dasyurus geoffroii is about 1 kilogram in the adult female and 1.5 kilograms in the adult male.
79 Suricata suricatta, body mass 0.7 kilograms
80 Mustela putorius, body mass 0.7–1.5 kilograms
81 Herpestes edwardsii, body mass 0.9–1.7 kilograms
82 Bassariscus sumichrasti, body mass 1–1.5 kilograms
83 Martes martes, body mass about 1.5 kilograms
84 Genetta genetta, body mass about 2 kilograms
85 about 400 hectares for the female and 900 hectares for the male
86 Distribution of Dasyurus geoffroii: http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d6c37be6-42cd-48c4-9cb6-9919457c8898/files/dasyurus-geoffroii-2012.pdf
87 http://i9.photobucket.com/albums/a70/troutylow/ReadyReleaseChuditch.jpg
88 Dasyurus geoffroii: http://www.westernwildlife.com.au/Western_Wildlife/Chuditch_files/IMG_1866.jpg
89 Dasyurus geoffroii: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Br6QFQrCIAQFAgb.jpg
90 Suricata suricatta with adult male Homo sapiens: http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/04/09/article-2127209-1285B792000005DC-407_634x863.jpg
91 Suricata suricatta with adult male Homo sapiens: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/78mkyJCFzw/maxresdefault.jpg
92 Suricata suricatta with adult male Homo sapiens: http://blog.corbis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/42-63039353.jpg
93 Tiliqua rugosa
94 Homo sapiens
95 body mass up to 0.9 kilograms
96 other than its tip, which is routinely used to sense the environment by frequent protrusion of the tip without opening the jaws
97 Tiliqua rugosa: http://bluetongueskinks.net/shingle13.jpg
98 Tiliqua rugosa: http://farm9.static.flickr.com/8451/8061111470_e8b8928246.jpg
99 Tiliqua rugosa: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r64I8txSFlA/T_P2k4OTUWI/AAAAAAAALIs/-u7ZQ073Dmc/s1600/4+Shingleback+4.jpg
100 Tiliqua rugosa: http://ih1.redbubble.net/image.5989431.4166/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg
101 Tiliqua rugosa: http://www.fotothing.com/photos/f34/f3411f20fd427da233a71bb0e166d136.jpg
102 Tiliqua rugosa: http://images.fotocommunity.de/bilder/australia/western-australia/bobtail-skink-1019726e-f7d0-4e24-86ba-0301da9845bb.jpg
103 Tiliqua rugosa: http://blog-imgs-30.fc2.com/n/y/a/nyandfulworld/P1030428.jpg
104 Cercopithecidae
105 i.e. species of Macaca
106 Macaca fuscata, which has been photographed particularly frequently owing to its combination of picturesque settings (such as thermal pools and deep snow) and a face with particular human appeal
107 Macaca nigra
108 The Japanese macaque is the most northerly non-human primate on Earth while the crested macaque occurs only on the far side of Wallace’s Line, the biogeographical limit of the typical Asian fauna.
109 Macaca fuscata mature male, yawning as opposed to fang-baring: https://toraninjapan.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/img_5447.jpg
110 Macaca fuscata mature male, yawning as opposed to fang-baring: http://www.discoverwildlife.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/800px_530px/gallery/JY13-9_800.jpg
111 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://www.chesterzoo.org/~/media/islands%20images/sulawesi/c%20jrme%20micheletta%202small.jpg?la=en
112 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6148/6009068650_be0596cb6d_m.jpg
113 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/624_351/images/live/p0/2p/4c/p02p4cln.jpg
114 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://www.stevemetildi.com/galleries/142_Indonesia_2014/photos/crested_black_macaque_yawn_Q5Q2888_copy.jpg
115 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://40.media.tumblr.com/62714c4ad2b966a6f914fbc3f5a32c61/tumblr_nhwaw38GHa1ta6h6to1_1280.jpg
116 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/624_351/images/live/p0/2p/50/p02p50sl.jpg
117 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CJuRbSGWwAAXgQT.jpg
118 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://www.shahrogersphotography.com/gallery/FeaturesStories/BlackcrestedMacaque/T11-98.jpg
119 Macaca nigra mature male, fang-baring: http://c8.alamy.com/comp/E4661T/celebes-black-crested-macaque-macaca-nigra-sub-adult-male-yawning-E4661T.jpg
120 Pennisetum clandestinum
121 The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is common throughout the natural habitat of kikuyu grass but is not responsible for maintaining this plant as a lawn because its large, blunt mouth is incapable of grazing short grass.
122 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, which eats grass as a greater proportion of its diet than expected for a pig
123 Papio anubis, which is able to eat grass as a greater proportion of its diet than expected for a monkey, partly because it is one of the largest of monkeys
124 Tachyoryctes
125 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hylochoerus_meinertzhageni2.jpg/220px-Hylochoerus_meinertzhageni2.jpg
126 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hylochoerus_meinertzhageni.jpg/220px-Hylochoerus_meinertzhageni.jpg
127 Papio anubis: http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/00/11/db/42/baboons-on-aberdares.jpg [photo is extremely apt as taken in the natural habitat of kikuyu grass in Aberdares National Park. Indeed at least some of the lawn in these photos probably consists of kikuyu grass in its natural state]
128 Papio anubis: http://www.africapoint.com/images/blogs/safari-wallpaper-baboon/A-Baboon-and-Her-Infant-Taken-at-Aberdare-National-Park_blog_image.jpg [photo is extremely apt as taken in the natural habitat of kikuyu grass in Aberdares National Park. Indeed at least some of the lawn in these photos probably consists of kikuyu grass in its natural state]
129 Tachyoryctes spendens: http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2645/4146574088_836d320881.jpg [photo by David Bygott, who has previously granted us permission]
130 Tachyoryctes splendens: http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/256410.jpg
131 Tachyoryctes splendens: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/Photos/Rongeur/Myomo/AutMurid/TachSpl4.jpg
132 Tachyoryctes spendens: http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/256408.jpg
133 Cercopithecidae
134 The canine teeth of females are not long enough to be particularly dangerous in any species of Cercopithecidae.
135 Macaca mulatta
136 by Homo sapiens
137 The environment is no longer pristine any part of the range of the rhesus macaque.
138 Macaca mulatta adult male: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/userfiles/image/category5_species_6259_large_3.jpg
139 Macaca mulatta adult male: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=6259
140 Macaca mulatta adult male: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=6259
141 Macaca mulatta adult male: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=6259
142 Macaca mulatta adult male: https://boneclones.com/images/store-product/product-423-main-main-big-1432240234.jpg
143 Macaca mulatta adult male: http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/B5/B5D9F561-DA1F-42EC-BC26-9126B23A1D13/Presentation.Large/Male-rhesus-macaque.jpg
144 Macaca fuscata
145 Homo sapiens
146 The human eye shows far more of the whitish sclera than in any non-human primate; as in other Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae), the Japanese macaque does not use pale tones to emphasise the eyes except in the form of the closed upper eyelid.
147 Average body mass of adult females is about 50 kilograms in the human species vs about 8 kilograms in the Japanese macaque.
148 Homo sapiens and Macaca fuscata: http://www.japanvisitor.com/images/content_images/macaque-6.jpg
149 Macaca fuscata: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Wildlife_primate_monkey-of-japan_macaca-fuscata_closeup_31-05-2010.jpg  [Please note: photo of the Japanese macaque is freely available from Wikipedia]
150 Homo sapiens: http://goldenmeancalipers.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/mirror11.jpg
151 Homo sapiens: https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-bdaw1HO6elfR8KEg_8w2Zo0lo=/1020x0/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2831182/Screen_Shot_2014-03-31_at_1.53.32_PM.1396288826.png
152 Macaca fuscata: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Macaca_fuscata_meditation.jpg [Please note: photo of the Japanese macaque is freely available from Wikipedia]
153 Homo sapiens: http://s3-ec.buzzfed.com/static/enhanced/web04/2012/4/26/10/enhanced-buzz-27424-1335452024-0.jpg
154 Macaca fuscata: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Snow_Monkeys,_Nagano,_Japan.JPG [another freely available photo (Wikipedia) for this bio-insight]

(writing in progress)

Publicado el 29 de junio de 2022 por milewski